1. clause [clausus < claudere, to close] : (n)
① Grammar, a group of words containing a subject and finite verb, usually forming part of a compound or complex sentence : a dependent (subordinate) clause functions as a noun, adjective, or adverb; an independent (principal) clause can stand alone as a sentence /절(문장으로 이루어진 것) - 예컨대 that-clause 라고 하면 that이 이끄는 절을 말하는 것으로서 대개 [that  + 주어 + 동사 ( + 보어 or 목적어)]의 부분을 말하는 것입니다. that으로 시작해서 [ ~ ] 이렇게 닫혀져 있는 부분을 말합니다. clause의 어원이 to close 입니다.

• Unit 81. Verbs with '-ing' clauses

• Unit 82. Verbs with 'to'-infinitive clauses

• Unit 83. Verbs with 'to'-infinitive or '-ing' clauses

• Unit 84. Verbs with other types of clauses

• Unit 88. Report structures : 'that'-clauses

• Unit 90. Time clauses

• Unit 91. Conditional clauses using 'if'

• Unit 92. Conditional clauses using modals and 'unless'

• Unit 95. Contrast clauses
  [Student's Grammar published by HarperCollins Publishers Ltd]

② a particular article, stipulation, or provision in a formal or legal document

• The contracts contain a no-strike clause.

2. claustrophobia [claudere, to close + -phobia < phobos, fear : a combining form meaning fear, dread, hatred] : (n) an abnormal fear of being in an enclosed or confined place; a dread of being physically hemmed in, of enclosed spaces, of crowds, et cetera / 폐소공포증(閉所恐怖症)

3. claustrophobic :
(n) a person suffering from claustrophobia

(adj) 
① suffering from claustrophobia
② (of a space) causing claustrophobia

• a claustrophobic little room

4. close : (v) 
① When you close a door, window, or lid, you move it to cover an opening or gap, so that it is no longer open.

• He opened the door and closed it behind him.

• It took a bit of pressure to make the lid close.

• I felt asleep with my window closed tight.

• She was sitting with closed eyes.

• Close your eyes and go to sleep.

② to (cause to) stop operating or providing services, esp. without the intention of starting again

• The firm has decided to close (down) its London branch.

• Hundreds of jobs were lost when the factory closed.

③ When a place closes, people cannot use it, all work stops there.

• Many libraries close on Saturdays at 1 p.m.

• It was Sunday and the garage was closed.

• The shop closes for lunch.

• What time does the bank close?

④ To close an event or matter means to bring it to an end.

• He spoke as though he wanted to close the conversation.

• The conference closed with a short speech by the organizer.

• He scored a goal in the closing minutes of the game.

⑤ to settle (a matter); come to an agreement about

• The question is now closed and there will be no further discussion.

• She was promoted after closing a deal worth $2 million.

⑥ (of business shares, currency, etc.) to be worth a particular amount at the end of a day's trade, e.g. on the stock exchange

• The pound closed at $1.49 last night.

• The company's shares closed down after heavy selling.

⑦ If you close on someone who you are following, you get nearer to them.

• The boat was about 200 yards away from us but closing fast. 

5. to close down or shut down : 
① If someone closes down a factory or an organization, or if it closes down, all work or activity stops there, usually forever.

• They're closing down my old school.

• If the firm failed to make enough money, they would close down.

• The magazine was forced to close down.

• The mines had been closed down following a geographical survey.

• The factory closed down for Christmas.

• The company shut down the factory for Christmas.

② When a television or radio channel closes down, it stops broadcasting for the day; used in British English.

• Channel 4 closes down at midnight.

• Closedown is the end of broadcasting for the day on the television or radio.

6. to close in : 
① If people close in on a person or place, they come nearer and gradually surround them.

• As the enemy closed in, the resistance of the villagers shrank to nothing.

• The troops were closing in on the enemy.

• The people were trapped when the enemy army began to close in (on them).

• They closed in on the struggling pig.

• Several of the onlookers closed in upon the group.

② If something closes in on a person or a place, it approaches or is present in a threatening way.

• I can feel the danger closing in.

• Night is closing in.

• We wanted the boat to reach shore before the fog closed in. 

• As night closed in, the invasion force continued to wait.

• The heat was closing in on the island.

③ When the days close in, there are gradually fewer hours of daylight as winter gets nearer.

7. to close off :
(v) If an area is closed off, a barrier is put around it or a door is shut, so that nobody can get into it.

• They lived in a castle in which most of the rooms were permanently closed off.

• He hadn't been down that road since they closed it off.

• The iron door closing off our section slid open.

• to seal off  ["Seal off" means almost the same as "close off"] :
  ① If you seal off a place, you prevent people from getting into it or out of it by blocking all the entrances.
   Police had already sealed off one of the entrances.
  They sealed the main road off.
  The meeting was in a locked school building sealed off by hundreds of police. 
  
  ② If someone is sealed off from something that they would normally be involved in, or if they seal themselves off, they are separated from it.
  He is the proverbial recluse, sealed off from the rest of the world.
  They have sealed themselves off from further development.

8. to close on : If you close on something or someone, you gradually get nearer and nearer to them, often in a threatening way. ["Close in on" means almost the same as "close on".]

• The fish closed on the woman and hurtled past.

9. to close out : 
① to try to get rid of (all one's goods) by selling them at reduced prices / to sell the whole of / to end (a business or a business operation) by selling all the goods/ to sell your stock and stop doing business

• The store closed out its stock of garden supplies.

• Mr. Jones closed out his grocery.

• Mr. Kim was losing money in his shoe store, so he decided to close out.

② If you close out light or sound, you prevent it from reaching a place, for example by using a screen of some kind.

• Then the canvas flap dropped shut, closing out the light from the middle ground between their trenches and ours.

• She shut the window, closing out the sound of the midday traffic.

10. to close up :
① When you close up a building or a business, you close it completely and securely.

• The big house was closed up for the holidays.

• The officials had closed up for the day.

② If something closes up or if you close it up, it closes completely.

• One of his eyes seemed to be closing up.

• She closed up the atlas and put it back on the shelf.

• He closed the luggage up and stored it by the door.

③ If people close up, they move nearer to each other.

• She told the children to close up to allow everyone into the hall.

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First uploaded : March 28, 2002 / Last updated : April 7, 2002